If people have too much of one thing and not enough of another, they can use their surplus good in exchange for the products that they need. This system is called barter, and men have been using it since the earliest times. Later, metals and precious jewels come to be used to replace this simple exchange. The metals were used to replace this simple exchange. The metals were used in the form of ingots (especially gold and silver because of their special properties : they are imperishable, consistent in quality, easy to break up and have a high value for a small weight). In antiquity the Phoenicians were the most outstanding commercial race, buying and selling an amazing variety of products. The Hindu sacred books or Vedas and the Book of Genesis in the Bible mention this type of primitive money (metal ingots). The first coins were minted in Lydia in the seventh century BC and were called 'electrons'. As money improved the coins took the form of small discs which became progressively rounder and flatter. Some ancient coins include the Athenian drachma (a silver coin), the Mecedonian talent, the Roman denarius and sestertius, the besant of the Middle Ages, the maravedi, doubloon and crown of the medival Christian Spain. In the nineteenth century the circulation of paper money become general. Did you know . . . . . . that the word 'money' comes from the Latin Moneta, the surname of the goddess Juno in whose temple coins were made? 
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| The ox was once the basic unit of barter. It was equivalent to a piece of copper shaped like an ox hide and weighing up to 30kg. | In commerce, barter was practised by exchanging raw materials for manufactured goods, greatly to the advantage of manufacturer. | Raw materials such as minerals and grains were exchanged for manufactured goods such as pottery, harpoons, fish-hooks, glassware and a great variety of other products. | 
| A series of ancient coins. Notice how the primitive crudeness gradually disappears and how the coins become rounder. From left to right : almond-shaped gold ingot weighing 8.5g; gilt coin of Augustus Caesar, Emperor of Rome; silver coin of Ramon Borrell II; 8-crown coin of Philip V of Spain, minted in Mexico; peseta of 1869. | 
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| Swedish bank note of 1717. Once these notes were issued it became possible to pay debts without large amounts of ready money. | Five-peso note, issued in Cuba in 1896. Many years had passed since first primitive paper money. This one already looks quite like a present-day bank note. | |